Preface |
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xvii | |
Preface to the First Edition |
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xxi | |
Symbols and Abbreviations |
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xxv | |
Physical Constants and Conversion Factors |
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xxxiii | |
Practical Formulae |
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xxxv | |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (5) |
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6 | (8) |
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6 | (5) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (6) |
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14 | (4) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (3) |
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Basic Plasma Equations and Equilibrium |
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23 | (20) |
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23 | (1) |
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Field Equations, Current, and Voltage |
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24 | (4) |
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24 | (4) |
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The Conservation Equations |
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28 | (7) |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (3) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (8) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (44) |
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43 | (6) |
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Elastic and Inelastic Collisions |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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Differential Scattering Cross Section |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (6) |
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Center-of-Mass Coordinates |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (8) |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (5) |
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63 | (15) |
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63 | (4) |
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Electric Dipole Radiation and Metastable Atoms |
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67 | (3) |
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Electron Ionization Cross Section |
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70 | (2) |
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Electron Excitation Cross Section |
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72 | (1) |
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Ion--Atom Charge Transfer |
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73 | (5) |
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78 | (1) |
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Averaging Over Distributions and Surface Effects |
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78 | (9) |
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Averaging Over a Maxwellian Distribution |
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78 | (3) |
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Energy Loss per Electron--Ion Pair Created |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (4) |
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87 | (46) |
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87 | (6) |
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Motion in Constant Fields |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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Nonmagnetized Plasma Dynamics |
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93 | (9) |
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93 | (2) |
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Dielectric Constant and Conductivity |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (8) |
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104 | (1) |
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Adiabatic Constancy of the Magnetic Moment |
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105 | (1) |
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Drift Due to Motion Along Field Lines (Curvature Drift) |
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106 | (1) |
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Drift Due to Gyration (Gradient Drift) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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Dynamics of Magnetized Plasmas |
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110 | (3) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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Waves in Magnetized Plasmas |
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113 | (10) |
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115 | (3) |
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Principal Waves Including Ion Dynamics |
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118 | (3) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (10) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (4) |
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133 | (32) |
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133 | (3) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (8) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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Steady-State Plane-Parallel Solutions |
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139 | (3) |
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Steady-State Cylindrical Solutions |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (5) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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Diffusion Across a Magnetic Field |
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149 | (6) |
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152 | (3) |
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Magnetic Multipole Confinement |
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155 | (10) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (5) |
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Direct Current (DC) Sheaths |
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165 | (42) |
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Basic Concepts and Equations |
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165 | (3) |
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167 | (1) |
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The Bohm Sheath Criterion |
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168 | (7) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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Sheath Potential at a Floating Wall |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (3) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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Generalized Criteria for Sheath Formation |
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178 | (6) |
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179 | (3) |
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Multiple Positive Ion Species |
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182 | (2) |
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High-Voltage Collisional Sheaths |
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184 | (1) |
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Electrostatic Probe Diagnostics |
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185 | (22) |
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Planar Probe With Collisionless Sheath |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (2) |
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Cylindrical Probe With a Collisionless Sheath |
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191 | (4) |
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Double Probes and Emissive Probes |
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195 | (3) |
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Effect of Collisions and DC Magnetic Fields |
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198 | (1) |
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Probe Construction and Circuits |
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199 | (2) |
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Probes in Time-Varying Fields |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (4) |
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Chemical Reactions and Equilibrium |
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207 | (28) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (8) |
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Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy |
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216 | (5) |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (5) |
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Pressure and Temperature Variations |
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224 | (2) |
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Heterogeneous Equilibrium |
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226 | (9) |
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Equilibrium Between Phases |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (4) |
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235 | (50) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (5) |
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Vibrational and Rotational Motion |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Electron Collisions With Molecules |
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241 | (12) |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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Dissociative Recombination |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Dissociative Electron Attachment |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Electron Impact Detachment |
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251 | (1) |
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Vibrational and Rotational Excitations |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Heavy-Particle Collisions |
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253 | (12) |
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Resonant and Nonresonant Charge Transfer |
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255 | (1) |
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Positive--Negative Ion Recombination |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (2) |
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Rearrangement of Chemical Bonds |
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262 | (1) |
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Ion--Neutral Elastic Scattering |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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Reaction Rates and Detailed Balancing |
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265 | (9) |
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266 | (1) |
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The Principle of Detailed Balancing |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (4) |
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Optical Emission and Actinometry |
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274 | (11) |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (6) |
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Chemical Kinetics and Surface Processes |
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285 | (42) |
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285 | (4) |
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Relation to Equilibrium Constant |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (10) |
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First-Order Consecutive Reactions |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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Bimolecular Association With Photon Emission |
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293 | (2) |
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295 | (2) |
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Three-Body Positive--Negative Ion Recombination |
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297 | (1) |
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Three-Body Electron--Ion Recombination |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (12) |
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Positive Ion Neutralization and Secondary Electron Emission |
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299 | (4) |
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Adsorption and Desorption |
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303 | (5) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (3) |
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311 | (16) |
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Diffusion of Neutral Species |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (3) |
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Adsorption and Desorption |
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315 | (1) |
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Dissociative Adsorption and Associative Desorption |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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Surface Kinetics and Loss Probability |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (7) |
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Particle and Energy Balance in Discharges |
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327 | (60) |
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327 | (3) |
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Electropositive Plasma Equilibrium |
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330 | (10) |
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330 | (3) |
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Uniform Density Discharge Model |
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333 | (3) |
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Nonuniform Discharge Model |
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336 | (2) |
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Neutral Radical Generation and Loss |
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338 | (2) |
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Electronegative Plasma Equilibrium |
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340 | (10) |
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342 | (3) |
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Boltzmann Equilibrium for Negative Ions |
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345 | (3) |
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348 | (1) |
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Validity of Reduced Equations |
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349 | (1) |
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Approximate Electronegative Equilibria |
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350 | (9) |
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351 | (3) |
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Parabolic Approximation For Low Pressures |
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354 | (4) |
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Flat-Topped Model For Higher Pressures |
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358 | (1) |
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Electronegative Discharge Experiments and Simulations |
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359 | (10) |
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360 | (6) |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (18) |
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Pulsed Electropositive Discharges |
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370 | (6) |
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Pulsed Electronegative Discharges |
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376 | (4) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (6) |
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387 | (74) |
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388 | (11) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (4) |
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Particle and Energy Balance |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (2) |
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399 | (19) |
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Collisionless Sheath Dynamics |
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400 | (2) |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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Self-Consistent Model Equations |
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406 | (4) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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Low and Moderate Voltages |
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413 | (1) |
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Ohmic Heating in the Sheath |
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413 | (1) |
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Self-Consistent Collisionless Heating Models |
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414 | (2) |
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Dual-Frequency and High-Frequency Discharges |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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Experiments and Simulations |
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418 | (12) |
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419 | (4) |
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Particle-in-Cell Simulations |
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423 | (5) |
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428 | (1) |
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Implications for Modeling |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (4) |
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Capacitive Voltage Divider |
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430 | (2) |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (7) |
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Ion Bombarding Energy at Electrodes |
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441 | (7) |
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Magnetically Enhanced Discharges |
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448 | (4) |
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Matching Networks and Power Measurements |
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452 | (9) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (4) |
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461 | (30) |
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High-Density, Low-Pressure Discharges |
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462 | (8) |
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Inductive Source Configurations |
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462 | (2) |
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Power Absorption and Operating Regimes |
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464 | (2) |
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Discharge Operation and Coupling |
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466 | (3) |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (7) |
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470 | (1) |
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471 | (2) |
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Hysteresis and Instabilities |
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473 | (3) |
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Power Transfer Efficiency |
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476 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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Planar Coil Configuration |
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477 | (6) |
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Helical Resonator Discharges |
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483 | (8) |
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487 | (4) |
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491 | (44) |
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Electron Cyclotron Resonance Discharges |
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492 | (21) |
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Characteristics and Configurations |
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492 | (5) |
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497 | (4) |
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501 | (6) |
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507 | (2) |
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509 | (3) |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (14) |
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514 | (3) |
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517 | (3) |
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520 | (5) |
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525 | (2) |
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527 | (8) |
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528 | (2) |
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Cylindrical Surface Waves |
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530 | (1) |
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530 | (2) |
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532 | (3) |
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Direct Current (DC) Discharges |
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535 | (36) |
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Qualitative Characteristics of Glow Discharges |
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535 | (4) |
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536 | (1) |
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537 | (1) |
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Negative Glow and Faraday Dark Space |
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537 | (1) |
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537 | (1) |
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538 | (1) |
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Sputtering and Other Configurations |
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539 | (1) |
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Analysis of the Positive Column |
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539 | (4) |
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540 | (1) |
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541 | (1) |
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542 | (1) |
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Analysis of the Cathode Region |
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543 | (8) |
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544 | (2) |
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546 | (4) |
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The Negative Glow and Faraday Dark Space |
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550 | (1) |
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Hollow Cathode Discharges |
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551 | (8) |
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552 | (3) |
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Metal Vapor Production in a Hollow Cathode Discharge |
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555 | (4) |
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Planar Magnetron Discharges |
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559 | (5) |
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Limitations of Glow Discharge Sputtering Source |
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559 | (1) |
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560 | (1) |
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561 | (3) |
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Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition |
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564 | (7) |
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568 | (3) |
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571 | (48) |
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Etch Requirements and Processes |
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571 | (8) |
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572 | (4) |
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576 | (3) |
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579 | (7) |
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579 | (4) |
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Discharge Kinetics and Loading Effect |
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583 | (2) |
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585 | (1) |
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Halogen Atom Etching of Silicon |
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586 | (14) |
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Pure Chemical F-Atom Etching |
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587 | (2) |
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Ion Energy-Driven F-Atom Etching |
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589 | (3) |
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592 | (4) |
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O2 and H2 Feedstock Additions |
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596 | (2) |
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598 | (2) |
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600 | (6) |
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F and CFx Etching of SiO2 |
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600 | (2) |
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602 | (1) |
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602 | (1) |
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603 | (1) |
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604 | (2) |
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606 | (13) |
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607 | (1) |
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607 | (1) |
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608 | (3) |
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Transient Damage During Etching |
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611 | (1) |
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612 | (1) |
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613 | (1) |
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614 | (2) |
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616 | (3) |
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Deposition and Implantation |
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619 | (30) |
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619 | (2) |
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Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition |
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621 | (9) |
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622 | (3) |
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625 | (4) |
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629 | (1) |
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630 | (4) |
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630 | (2) |
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632 | (2) |
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Plasma-Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) |
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634 | (15) |
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Collisionless Sheath Model |
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636 | (5) |
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641 | (3) |
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Applications of PIII to Materials Processing |
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644 | (2) |
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646 | (3) |
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649 | (30) |
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Qualitative Description of Phenomena |
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649 | (2) |
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Particle Charging and Discharge Equilibrium |
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651 | (7) |
|
Equilibrium Potential and Charge |
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651 | (5) |
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656 | (2) |
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658 | (4) |
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Formation And Growth Of Dust Grains |
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|
662 | (6) |
|
Physical Phenomena And Diagnostics |
|
|
668 | (5) |
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|
668 | (1) |
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|
669 | (1) |
|
Driven Particulate Motion |
|
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670 | (1) |
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|
671 | (2) |
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Removal or Production of Particulates |
|
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673 | (6) |
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|
675 | (4) |
|
Kinetic Theory of Discharges |
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|
679 | (44) |
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679 | (10) |
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|
680 | (1) |
|
The Krook Collision Operator |
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|
680 | (1) |
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Two-Term Collisional Kinetic Equations |
|
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681 | (3) |
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684 | (1) |
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685 | (1) |
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Electron Distribution in an RF Field |
|
|
686 | (1) |
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Effective Electrical Conductivity |
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687 | (2) |
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689 | (4) |
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693 | (6) |
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Quasi-Linear Diffusion and Stochastic Heating |
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699 | (7) |
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Quasi-linear Diffusion Coefficient |
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700 | (3) |
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703 | (1) |
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Relation to Velocity Kick Models |
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|
704 | (1) |
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Two Term Kinetic Equations |
|
|
704 | (2) |
|
Energy Diffusion in a Skin Depth Layer |
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|
706 | (5) |
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|
706 | (2) |
|
Effective Collision Frequency |
|
|
708 | (1) |
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|
709 | (2) |
|
Kinetic Modeling of Discharges |
|
|
711 | (12) |
|
Non-Maxwellian Global Models |
|
|
711 | (1) |
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712 | (3) |
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715 | (4) |
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|
719 | (4) |
|
APPENDIX A. COLLISION DYNAMICS |
|
|
723 | (4) |
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|
725 | (2) |
|
APPENDIX B. THE COLLISION INTEGRAL |
|
|
727 | (4) |
|
Boltzmann Collision Integral |
|
|
727 | (1) |
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|
728 | (3) |
|
APPENDIX C. DIFFUSION SOLUTIONS FOR VARIABLE MOBILITY MODEL |
|
|
731 | (4) |
References |
|
735 | (14) |
Index |
|
749 | |