Nanofluidics

by Edel, Joshua; De Mello, Andrew John

ISBN13: 9780854041473

ISBN10: 0854041478

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2009-01-01

Publisher(s): Royal Society of Chemistry

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Summary

In his now celebrated lecture at the 1959 meeting of the American Physical Society, Richard Feynman pondered the potential of miniaturization in the physical sciences. His vision, based on known technology, examined the limits set by physical principles and proposed a variety of new nano-tools including the concept of "atom-by-atom" fabrication. In the intervening decades, many of these predictions have become reality. In particular, the development and application of nanofluidics is rapidly developing into a competitive and exciting field of research. These nanoscale analytical instruments employ micromachined features and are able to manipulate fluid samples with high precision and efficiency. In a fundamental sense, chip-based analytical systems have been shown to have many advantages over their conventional (larger) analogues.

Transport of Ions, DNA Polymers, and Microtubules in the Nanofluidic Regime
Introduction	p. 1
Ionic Transport	p. 2
Electrically Driven Ion Transport	p. 2
Streaming Currents	p. 5
Streaming Currents as a Probe of Charge Inversion	p. 6
Electrokinetic Energy Conversion in Nanofluidic Channels	p. 7
Polymer Transport	p. 9
Pressure-Driven Polymer Transport	p. 10
Pressure-Driven DNA Mobility	p. 10
Dispersion of DNA Polymers in a Pressure-Driven Flow	p. 12
Electrokinetic DNA Concentration in Nanofluidic Channels	p. 13
DNA Conformations and Dynamics in Slit-Like Nanochannels	p. 15
Microtubule Transport in Nanofluidic Channels Driven By Electric Fields and By Kinesin Biomolecular Motors	p. 16
Electrical Manipulation of Kinesin-Driven Microtubule Transport	p. 17
Mechanical Properties of Microtubules Measured from Electric Field-Induced Bending	p. 20
Electrophoresis of Individual Microtubules in Microfluid Channels	p. 23
Acknowledgements	p. 25
References	p. 26
Biomolecule Separation, Concentration, and Detection using Nanofluidic Channels
Introduction	p. 31
Fabrication Techniques for Nanofluidic Channels	p. 32
Etching & Substrate Bonding Methods	p. 32
Sacrificial Layer Etching Techniques	p. 34
Other Fabrication Methods	p. 34
Biomolecule Separation Using Nanochannels	p. 34
Molecular Sieving using Nanofluidic Filters	p. 34
Computational Modelling of Nanofilter Sieving Phenomena	p. 37
Biomolecule Concentration Using Nanochannels	p. 38
Biomolecule Pre-concentration using Nanochannels and Nanomaterials	p. 38
Non-Linear Electrokinetic Phenomena near Nanochannels	p. 40
Confinement of Biomolecules Using Nanochannels	p. 41
Nanochannel Confinement of Biomolecules	p. 41
Enhancement of Binding Assays using Molecule Confinement in Nanochannels	p. 43
Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 43
Acknowledgements	p. 44
References	p. 44
Particle Transport in Micro and Nanostructured Arrays: Asymmetric Low Reynolds Number Flow
An Introduction to Hydrodynamics and Particles Moving in Flow Fields	p. 47
Potential Functions in Low Reynolds Number Flow	p. 50
Arrays Of Obstacles And How Particles Move in Them: Puzzles and Paradoxes in Low Re Flow	p. 53
References	p. 62
Molecular Transport and Fluidic Manipulation in Three Dimensional Integrated Nanofluidic Networks
Introduction	p. 65
Experimental Characterization of Nanofluidic Flow	p. 68
Surface Charge	p. 68
Debye Length	p. 69
Integrated Nanofluidic Systems	p. 71
Molecular Sampling (Digital Fluidic Manipulation)	p. 71
Sample Pre-Concentration	p. 73
Theory and Simulations	p. 74
Theory	p. 76
Ion Accumulation and Depletion	p. 77
Ionic Currents	p. 80
Induced Flow	p. 81
Conclusions	p. 85
Acknowledgements	p. 85
References	p. 86
Fabrication of Silica Nanofluidic Tubing for Single Molecule Detection
Introduction	p. 89
Fabrication of Silica Nanofluidic Tubes	p. 90
Concepts	p. 90
Electrospinning	p. 92
Basics of Electrospinning	p. 92
Nano-Scale Silica Fibers and Hollow Tubing Structures	p. 94
Characterization of the Scanned Coaxial Electrospinning Process	p. 98
Heat-Induced Stretching Method	p. 101
Analysis of Single Molecules Using Nanofluidic Tubes	p. 104
Experimental Setup	p. 104
Detection and Measurement of Single Molecules in Nanofluidic Channels	p. 104
Electrokinetic Molecule Transport in Nanofluidic Tubing	p. 106
Conclusions	p. 107
Acknowledgements	p. 108
References	p. 108
Single Molecule Analysis Using Single Nanopores
Introduction	p. 113
Fabrication of Single Nanopores	p. 114
Formation of [alpha]-Hemolysin Pores on Lipid Bilayers	p. 114
Formation of Solid-State Nanopores on Thin Films	p. 117
Free Standing Thin Film Preparation	p. 117
Dimensional Structures of Solid-State Nanopore Using Tem Tomography	p. 121
Experimental Setup for Ionic Current Blockade Measurements on Nanopores	p. 122
[alpha]-Hemolysin Nanopores	p. 122
Solid-State Nanopores	p. 123
Analysis of Nucleic Acids Using Nanopores	p. 124
Characterization of Single Nanopores	p. 124
[alpha]-Hemolysin Nanopores	p. 124
Solid-State Nanopores	p. 129
Analysis of Single Molecules Translocating Through Single Nanopores	p. 130
[alpha]-Hemolysin Nanopores	p. 130
Solid-State Nanopores	p. 133
Conclusions	p. 134
Acknowledgements	p. 136
References	p. 136
Nanopore-Based Optofluidic Devices for Single Molecule Sensing
Introduction	p. 139
Light in Sub-Wavelength Pores	p. 142
Evanescent Fields in Waveguides	p. 142
Zero-Mode Waveguides	p. 144
Design Rules using Real Metals	p. 147
Material Selection	p. 147
Pore Size and Prove Volume	p. 148
Implementation and Instrumentation	p. 149
Detection with a Confocal Microscope	p. 149
Probing Nanopore Arrays Using A Camera	p. 152
Conclusions	p. 154
References	p. 154
Ion-Current Rectification in Nanofluidic Devices
Introduction	p. 157
Analogy between Nanofluidic and Semiconductor Devices	p. 158
Nanofluidic Devices with Rectifying Effects	p. 159
Asymmetric Channel Geometries	p. 159
Asymmetric Bath Concentrations	p. 161
Asymmetric Surface Charge Distribution	p. 163
Theory of Rectifying Effect in Nanofluidic Devices	p. 166
Qualitative Interpretation of Ion Rectification by Solving Poisson-Nernst-Planck Equations	p. 166
Conical Nanopores	p. 167
Concentration Gradient in Homogeneous Nanochannels	p. 167
Bipolar Nanochannels	p. 170
Qualitative Interpretations of Ion Rectification in Nanofluidic Devices	p. 171
Comparison of Rectifying Effects in Nanofluidic Diodes and Semiconductor Diodes	p. 175
Conclusions	p. 176
References	p. 176
Nanopillars and Nanoballs for DNA Analysis
Introduction	p. 179
Fabrication of Nanopillars and Nanoballs	p. 180
Fabrication of Nanopillars	p. 181
Self-Assembled Nanopsheres	p. 181
Synthesis of Pegylated-Latex	p. 182
Nanopillars for DNA Analysis	p. 183
DNA Analysis by Tilted Patterned Nanopillar Chips	p. 183
Single DNA Molecule Imaging In Tilted Pattern Nanopillar Chips	p. 185
DNA Analysis by Square Patterned Nanopillar Chips and Nanowall Chips	p. 186
Single DNA Molecular Imaging in Square Patterned Nanopillar Chips	p. 186
Mechanism of Separation in Nanopillar Chips	p. 186
Nanoballs for DNA Analysis	p. 187
DNA Analysis by a Self-Assembled Nanosphere Solution in a Chip	p. 187
DNA Analysis by Pegylated-Latex Mixed Polymer Solution in a Chip	p. 188
Single DNA Molecule Imaging In a Nanoball Solution	p. 189
Conclusions	p. 189
References	p. 190
Subject Index	p. 192
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Nanofluidics

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