Introduction to Law for Paralegals : A Critical Thinking Approach

by Currier, Katherine A.

Edition: 3rd

ISBN13: 9780735539891

ISBN10: 0735539898

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2005-10-01

Publisher(s): Aspen Pub

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Summary

Instructors have learned through successful classroom use that Introduction to Law for Paralegals is a teachable, readable, and comprehensive introduction from an experienced author team. In its Third Edition, this text incorporates new developments as it continues to offer an exceptionally thoughtful and well-rounded presentation. the authors balance depth of coverage with ease of use: A comprehensive, intelligent overview of all the key concepts covered in a typical introduction to law course Uses the critical thinking approach to introduce students To The study of law and encourage interaction with the materials through hypotheticals, examples, and well-designed questions the three parts of the book reflect the topics of the introductory course Part I, Paralegals And The American Legal System introduces students to the role of the paralegal, sources and classifications of law, The structure of the court system, and an overview of litigation Part II, Finding and Analyzing the Law, reviews the basics of legal analysis, research, and writing Part III, Legal Ethics and Substantive Law, covers the full range of statutory law Teaches students the basic skills necessary to understand statutes and court cases Supports learning with ethics alerts, marginal definitions, Internet references, and legal reasoning exercises throughout the book Presents material in an accessible and well-organized format Substantive law chapters use edited cases to teach students how to read and analyze the law Helpful appendices contain material on good writing, citation, excerpts from the U.S. Constitution, Ethical Codes, and additional Net Notes the text is scrupulously revised for its Third Edition: Updated chapters on Ethics and on Legal Research Updated internet references throughout the book New material and cases in substantive law chapters, including: more on recklessness as a requirement for sport participant injuries in the Torts chapter inclusion of eminent domain cases currently before the Supreme Court in the Property/Real Estate Law chapter expanded section on the Americans with Disabilities Act in Laws Affecting Business chapter, including PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin developments in same-sex marriage in the chapter on Family Law revised material on sentencing guidelines in the Criminal Law and Procedure chapter Please visit the new companion website to learn more about this book. Website: http://www.aspenlawschool.com/currier_introtolawforparalegals3

List of Illustrations

xxxiii

Preface

xxxvii

Acknowledgments

xli

PART 1 Paralegals and the American Legal System

(144)

Introduction to the Study of Law

(10)

Introduction

(1)

Legal Analysis

(4)

Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather

(1)

Case 2: The Harassed Student

(1)

Analyzing the Facts

(1)

Identifying the Appropriate Legal Rules

(1)

Practice Tip

(1)

Applying the Legal Rules to the Facts

(1)

Discussion Questions 1-2

(1)

Reporting the Results

(1)

Taking Actions on Behalf of the Client

(5)

Practice Tip

(1)

Ethics Alert

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 1-4

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions 1-8

(1)

Paralegals in the Legal System

(26)

Introduction

(1)

The Definition of Paralegal

(5)

Traditional Paralegals and Legal Assistants

(3)

Discussion Questions 1-3

(1)

Freelance Paralegals

(1)

Paralegal Profile

(1)

Legal Technicians, Lay Advocates, and Document Preparers

(1)

Independent Paralegals

(1)

Law Clerks and Document Clerks Working under the Supervision of an Attorney

(1)

Discussion Questions 4-7

(1)

Paralegal Education

(3)

Basic Qualifications

(1)

Formal Paralegal Education

(1)

The ABA Approval Process

(1)

American Association for Paralegal Education

(1)

Paralegal Professional Associations

(1)

Practice Tip

(1)

Registration, Certification, and Licensure

(5)

Registration

(1)

Certification

(2)

Ethics Alert

(1)

Licensing: Paralegals Who Work under the Supervision of an Attorney

(1)

Licensing: Legal Technicians and Paralegals Who Do Not Work under the Supervision of an Attorney

(1)

Indirect Regulation through Approval of Billing for Paralegal Time

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Discussion Questions 8-9

(1)

What Paralegals Do

(2)

Communications with Clients

(1)

Ethics Alert

(1)

Research

(1)

Practice Tip

(1)

Drafting

(1)

Case Management

(1)

Where Paralegals Work and Law Office Personnel

(9)

The Law Office Environment

(1)

Types of Private Practice Arrangements

(1)

Traditional Partnership

(1)

Professional Corporation (PC)

(1)

Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)

(1)

Sole Proprietorship

(1)

Office-Sharing Arrangements

(1)

Law Office Personnel

(1)

Law Clerks, Investigators, and Librarians

(1)

Clerical Support

(1)

Managers and Administrators

(1)

Office Procedures Manual

(1)

Areas of Specialization

(1)

Other Forms of Practice

(1)

Legal Department of a Business

(1)

Legal Department in Government Agencies

(1)

Paralegal Profile

(1)

Other Variations

(1)

Discussion Questions 10-11

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions 1-15

(2)

Functions and Sources of Law

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Case 3: The Pregnant Waitress

(1)

Functions and Theories of Law

(4)

Definition of Law

(1)

Functions of Law

(1)

Theories of Jurisprudence

(2)

Discussion Questions 1-6

(1)

Sources of Law

(11)

Constitutional Law

(2)

Practice Tip

(1)

Statutory Law

(1)

Administrative Law

(1)

Practice Tip

(1)

Judicial Interpretation and the Common Law

(2)

Discussion Questions 7-9

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions 1-12

(2)

Classification of the Law

(20)

Introduction

(2)

Federal versus State Law

(5)

Federal Law

(4)

State Law

(1)

Discussion Questions 1-4

(1)

Criminal versus Civil Law

(11)

A Comparison of Criminal and Civil Law

(1)

Type of Harm

(1)

Names of the Parties and the ``Prosecutor'' of the Claim

(1)

Standard of Proof

(1)

Judgment

(1)

Sanctions/Remedies

(1)

Practice Tip

(1)

Sources of Law

(1)

Criminal Law

(1)

Types of Crimes

(1)

Establishing a Prima Facie Case

(1)

Discussion Questions 5-6

(1)

Defenses

(1)

Civil Law

(1)

Establishing a Prima Facie Case

(1)

Defenses

(1)

Damages

(1)

Areas of Civil Law

(1)

Contracts

(1)

Property

(1)

Torts

(1)

Ethics Alert

(1)

Case 4: Mr. Whipple

(1)

Discussion Questions 7-8

(1)

Substantive versus Procedural Law

(2)

Discussion Question 9

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions 1-24

(1)

Structure of the Court System

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Trial versus Appellate Courts

(5)

Case 5: Alibi to a Murder

(2)

Discussion Questions 1-3

(1)

Federal and State Court Systems

(11)

The Federal System

(3)

The Primary Federal Courts

(2)

Discussion Questions 4-5

(1)

Other Federal Courts

(2)

State Court Systems

(1)

Practice Tip

(2)

Exclusive and Concurrent Jurisdiction

(1)

Discussion Question 6

(1)

Court Personnel

(4)

Practice Tip

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions 1-16

(3)

Civil Litigation and Its Alternatives

(50)

Introduction

(1)

Practice Tip

(1)

Civil Procedure

(32)

The Pretrial Stage

(1)

Preliminary Matters

(2)

Legal Grounds for the Suit

(1)

Practice Tip

(1)

Ethics Alert

(1)

Discussion Questions 1-2

(1)

Parties to the Suit

100

(1)

Selection of the Court

101

(2)

Statutes of Limitations

103

(1)

Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

103

(1)

Practice Tip

103

(1)

Discussion Questions 3-4

103

(1)

Pleadings

104

(1)

The Complaint

104

(1)

Practice Tip

105

(1)

Discussion Question 5

106

(1)

Ethics Alert

106

(2)

The Summons

108

(1)

The Answer

108

(1)

Practice Tip

108

(3)

Pretrial Motions

111

(3)

Discovery

114

(1)

Interrogatories

114

(1)

Practice Tip

114

(1)

Depositions

115

(1)

Practice Tip

116

(1)

Requests for Admissions

116

(1)

Requests for Documents and Physical Examinations

116

(1)

Enforcing Discovery Rights

116

(1)

Discussion Questions 6-8

117

(1)

Settlement or Pretrial Conference

117

(1)

The Trial

117

(1)

Practice Tip

117

(1)

The Right to a Jury Trial

117

(1)

Ethics Alert

118

(1)

Jury Selection

118

(1)

Practice Tip

118

(2)

Discussion Questions 9-10

120

(1)

Opening Statements

120

(1)

Presentation of Evidence

120

(1)

Practice Tip

120

(2)

Discussion Questions 11-12

122

(1)

Closing Arguments

122

(1)

Jury Instructions

122

(1)

Jury Deliberations, Verdict, and Judgment

123

(1)

Post-Trial Motions

123

(1)

The Appeal

124

(1)

The Timing of the Appeal

124

(1)

The Scope of the Review

124

(2)

Filing the Appeal

126

(1)

Oral Arguments

126

(1)

The Decision and Its Publication

126

(1)

Further Appeals

127

(1)

Administrative Procedure

128

(7)

Prehearing Procedures

129

(1)

Commencing the Action

130

(1)

Notice of Alleged Violations

130

(1)

Investigation

130

(1)

Initial Determination

131

(1)

Notice of Hearing

131

(1)

Hearings

132

(1)

The Participants

132

(1)

Hearing Procedures

133

(1)

The Form of the Decision

134

(1)

Appeals

134

(1)

Alternative Dispute Resolution

135

(10)

Arbitration

136

(1)

Practice Tip

136

(1)

Mediation

136

(1)

Cases Most Suitable for Mediation

137

(1)

Mediation Formats and Styles

137

(2)

Mandatory Mediation Programs

139

(1)

Ethics Alert

140

(1)

Mediation Training

140

(1)

Summary Jury Trials

140

(1)

Role of Paralegals in ADR

140

(1)

Evaluation of ADR Techniques

141

(1)

Discussion Questions 13-15

141

(1)

Summary

142

(1)

Review Questions 1-37

142

(3)

PART 2 Finding and Analyzing the Law

145

(176)

Finding and Interpreting Statutory Law

147

(34)

Introduction

147

(1)

Locating the Appropriate Statute

148

(2)

Practice Tip

149

(1)

The Format of Statutes

150

(2)

Ambiguity in Statutes

152

(1)

The Four Basic Steps to Statutory Interpretation

153

(13)

Case 6: The Clearance Sale

153

(1)

Get the Facts

154

(1)

Locate a Relevant Statute

154

(1)

Analyze the Statute

154

(1)

Divide the Statute into Its Elements

155

(1)

Determine the Issues and Develop Arguments for Each Side

155

(1)

Think Creatively

156

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 1

157

(1)

Understand the Methods Used for Interpreting Statutes

157

(3)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 2-4

160

(3)

Practice Tip

163

(2)

Recognize the Role of Judicial Philosophy

165

(1)

Conclude

165

(1)

The Case of the Unhappy Customer

166

(3)

Case 7: The Unhappy Customer

166

(2)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 5-6

168

(1)

Written Analysis---The Use of IRAC

169

(6)

Case 8: The Book Battery

170

(1)

Issue

170

(1)

Rule

171

(1)

Analysis

171

(1)

Conclusion

172

(3)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 7-8

175

(1)

Locating and Interpreting Administrative Regulations

175

(1)

Locating and Interpreting Constitutions

176

(5)

Summary

178

(1)

Review Questions 1-15

178

(3)

Finding and Interpreting Court Opinions

181

(56)

Introduction

181

(1)

Types of Court Opinions

182

(4)

Locating Court Opinions

186

(3)

The Elements of a Court Opinion

189

(3)

Preliminary Material and West Editorial Features

189

(1)

Facts of the Case

189

(2)

Law Analyzed

191

(1)

Issues Raised

191

(1)

Decisions Reached

191

(1)

The Reasoning

192

(1)

Concurring and Dissenting Opinions

192

(1)

Case Briefing

192

(40)

An Overview of Case Briefing

192

(1)

Format for a Case Brief

193

(1)

Jim Jones v. Sam Smith

193

(1)

Case Citation

193

(1)

Facts

194

(1)

Rule

195

(1)

Issue

195

(1)

Holding

196

(2)

Reasoning

198

(1)

Criticism

198

(1)

Practice Tip

198

(1)

Six Hints for Better Brief Writing

199

(1)

Read the Case First, Then Brief

199

(1)

Practice Tip

199

(1)

Develop a Workable Style

199

(2)

Write Based on the Needs of Your Reader

201

(1)

Cross-reference

201

(1)

Paraphrase

201

(1)

Use a Dictionary

201

(1)

A Sample Case Brief

201

(1)

People v. Blair

202

(1)

Briefing Cases Involving Statutes

202

(1)

Interpreting a Statute

203

(1)

McBoyle v. United States

204

(4)

Discussion Questions 1-3

208

(1)

Ruling on a Statute's Constitutionality

208

(1)

Texas v. Johnson

209

(4)

Discussion Questions 4-6

213

(1)

Briefing Cases Involving the Common Law

213

(1)

Applying Established Law

213

(2)

Keller v. DeLong

215

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 1

216

(1)

Creating New Law

217

(1)

Callow v. Thomas

218

(5)

Discussion Questions 7-9

223

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 2

223

(1)

Lewis v. Lewis

224

(8)

Discussion Questions 10-12

232

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 3

232

(1)

The Power of the Courts to Make New Law

232

(5)

Summary

233

(1)

Review Questions 1-16

234

(3)

Finding the Law

237

(58)

Introduction

237

(1)

Overview of the Researching Process

238

(1)

The Five Steps of Legal Research

239

(41)

Identify Your Search Terms

239

(1)

Practice Tip

239

(1)

Practice Tip

240

(1)

Go to Secondary Authority (Optional)

240

(1)

National Legal Encyclopedias

240

(3)

State-Specific Encyclopedias

243

(6)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 1

249

(1)

Special Subject Encyclopedias, Treatises, and Restatements

249

(1)

Legal Periodicals and Newspapers

249

(1)

American Law Reports Annotated

250

(1)

Citing Secondary Authority

250

(1)

Ending Your Secondary Research and Relying on Secondary Sources

250

(1)

Practice Tip

251

(1)

Go to Primary Authority

251

(1)

Practice Tip

252

(1)

A Note on Lawbook Publishers

253

(1)

Finding Statutes

253

(1)

Starting with the Citation

254

(1)

Starting with an Index

254

(1)

Practice Tip

254

(1)

Reading an Annotated Statute

254

(4)

Checking the Pocket Part

258

(1)

Finding State Agency Regulations

258

(1)

Practice Tip

258

(1)

Finding Court Opinions

258

(3)

Starting with a Citation or Name

261

(2)

Using a Summary Following a Statute

263

(1)

Using a Digest

263

(3)

Practice Tip

266

(4)

Summary of the Steps for Locating Primary Authority

270

(1)

Update Your Research

270

(1)

Using the Digest Topics and Key Numbers

271

(1)

Using Shepard's

272

(6)

Using Both Digests and Shepard's

278

(2)

Decide When to Stop Researching

280

(1)

Research Involving Federal Statutes and Regulations

280

(4)

Computer-Assisted Research

284

(7)

Major On-Line Providers

284

(1)

The Major Commercial Databases: Lexis, Westlaw, and LoisLaw

284

(1)

Lexis

284

(1)

Westlaw

284

(1)

LoisLaw

285

(1)

Other Internet-Based Resources

285

(1)

Computer Search Techniques

285

(1)

Determining Which Database to Use

286

(1)

Searching within a Database

286

(1)

Terms and Connectors

286

(2)

Practice Tip

288

(1)

Natural Language

289

(1)

Variation among Services

289

(1)

Updating with Lexis, Westlaw, and LoisLaw

289

(1)

Practice Tip

289

(1)

Beyond Researching Primary Authority

290

(1)

Ethics Alert

290

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 2

290

(1)

The Interrelationship of Researching Materials

291

(4)

Summary

291

(1)

Review Questions 1-29

292

(3)

Applying the Law

295

(26)

Introduction

295

(1)

Predicting the Outcome in Your Client's Case

295

(5)

Looking for Analogies and Distinctions

295

(1)

Determine Whether the Governing Rules of Law and Issues Are the Same in Both Cases

296

(1)

Decide Which Facts Are the Key Facts in the Prior Case

296

(1)

Decide How Those Facts Are Similar to or Different from the Facts of Your Client's Case

296

(1)

Explain Why Those Similarities or Differences Matter

297

(1)

Selecting among Precedents

297

(1)

Chambers v. Maroney

298

(2)

A Note on Logic

300

(3)

The Format for a Written Analysis

303

(10)

Using IRAC

303

(1)

Ethics Alert

304

(2)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 1

306

(3)

Practice Tip

309

(1)

Synthesizing Cases

310

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 2-4

311

(2)

Internal Office Memoranda

313

(8)

Format and Content

313

(1)

Heading

313

(1)

Question Presented (Issue)

314

(1)

Brief Answer

314

(1)

Facts

314

(1)

Applicable Statutes

315

(1)

Discussion

315

(1)

Practice Tip

316

(1)

Conclusion

316

(1)

Sample Law Office Memorandum

316

(3)

Summary

319

(1)

Review Questions 1-6

319

(2)

PART 3 Legal Ethics and Substantive Law

321

(380)

Legal Ethics

323

(46)

Introduction

323

(2)

Regulation of Attorneys

325

(2)

Discussion Questions 1-3

326

(1)

Regulation of Paralegals

327

(2)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 1

328

(1)

The Big Three: Confidentiality, Conflict of Interest, and the Unauthorized Practice of Law

329

(32)

Client Confidentiality

329

(1)

Practice Tip

329

(1)

Discussion Questions 4-6

330

(1)

Practice Tip

331

(2)

People v. Mitchell

333

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

334

(1)

Discussion Questions 7-8

335

(1)

Conflict of Interest

336

(2)

Concurrent Representation/Actual Conflict

338

(1)

Concurrent Representation/Potential Conflict

338

(1)

Successive Representation

339

(1)

Vicarious Representation

339

(2)

Practice Tip

341

(2)

In re Complex Asbestos Litigation

343

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-5

344

(1)

The Unauthorized Practice of Law

344

(2)

Justifications for Restrictions

346

(1)

Defining the Practice of Law

347

(1)

Prohibited Tasks

348

(1)

Courtroom and Administrative Agency Representation

348

(2)

In re Arons

350

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

352

(1)

Preparation of Legal Documents

353

(1)

Giving Legal Advice

354

(1)

Appropriate Paralegal Tasks

355

(1)

Contact with Clients and People Outside the Office

355

(1)

Participation in Legal Proceedings

356

(1)

Drafting Legal Documents

356

(1)

Louisiana State Bar Association v. Edwins

356

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

358

(1)

Nature of the Supervision

358

(2)

Discussion Question 9

360

(1)

Money Matters

361

(2)

Practice Tip

361

(1)

Client Funds

361

(1)

Charging Clients for Paralegal Time

362

(1)

Fee-Splitting

362

(1)

Avoiding Solicitation

363

(1)

Overzealous Representation

363

(1)

Talking to the Opposing Party or Jurors

363

(1)

Avoiding Deception

363

(1)

Enforcement

364

(1)

Tort Law of Negligence

364

(5)

Discussion Questions 10-11

365

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 2

366

(1)

Summary

366

(1)

Review Questions 1-27

366

(3)

Torts

369

(68)

Introduction

369

(2)

Intentional Torts

371

(20)

Harm to a Person's Body, Reputation, or Emotional Well-Being

372

(1)

Assault and Battery

372

(1)

The Elements of Assault and Battery

372

(1)

Knight v. Jewett

373

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

374

(1)

The Defenses to Assault and Battery

374

(1)

Katko v. Briney

375

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-6

376

(1)

False Imprisonment

377

(1)

The Elements of False Imprisonment

377

(1)

Defenses to False Imprisonment

377

(1)

Coblyn v. Kennedy's, Inc.

378

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

380

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 1

380

(1)

Discussion Question 1

381

(1)

Defamation

381

(1)

The Elements of Defamation

381

(1)

Defamation of Public Figures

382

(1)

Ethics Alert

383

(1)

Defenses to Defamation

383

(1)

Discussion Question 2

384

(1)

Invasion of Privacy

384

(1)

Practice Tip

385

(1)

Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

385

(1)

Agis v. Howard Johnson Company

386

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-4

387

(1)

Discussion Questions 3-4

387

(1)

Harm to a Person's Property

388

(1)

Trespass to Land

388

(1)

Trespass to Personal Property and Conversion

388

(1)

Defenses to Torts against Property

388

(1)

Practice Tip

389

(1)

Other Intentional Torts

389

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 2

389

(2)

Negligence

391

(32)

The Elements of Negligence

391

(1)

Duty

391

(1)

Practice Tip

392

(2)

Discussion Question 5

394

(1)

Woods v. Lancet

394

(3)

Case Discussion Questions 1-5

397

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 3-5

397

(1)

Breach

397

(2)

Ethics Alert

399

(1)

Sauer v. Hebrew Institute of Long Island, Inc.

399

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-2

400

(1)

Discussion Questions 6-7

400

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 6

400

(1)

Cause

400

(2)

Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Company

402

(1)

Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Company

402

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

403

(1)

Intervening Cause

404

(1)

Anglin v. State [of Florida] Department of Transportation

404

(3)

Case Discussion Questions 1-2

407

(1)

Duty of Care to Third Parties

407

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 7-10

408

(1)

Harm

409

(1)

Discussion Question 8

410

(1)

Defenses to Negligence

410

(1)

Contributory Negligence

410

(1)

Assumption of the Risk

411

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 11-12

412

(1)

Comparative Negligence

413

(1)

Immunities

413

(1)

Irwin v. Town of Ware

414

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

416

(1)

Reckless Behavior

416

(2)

Knight v. Jewett

418

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-7

419

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 13-16

420

(3)

Strict Liability

423

(6)

Ultrahazardous Activities

423

(1)

Products Liability

424

(1)

Doe v. Miles Labs., Inc.

424

(3)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

427

(1)

Defenses to Strict Liability Torts

428

(1)

New Torts

429

(2)

Practice Tip

429

(1)

Wrongful Life or Wrongful Birth

429

(1)

Battered Woman's Syndrome

429

(1)

Ethics Alert

430

(1)

Drug Dealer Liability Act

430

(1)

Discussion Questions 9-10

431

(1)

Remedies

431

(6)

Practice Tip

431

(3)

Discussion Questions 11-13

434

(1)

Summary

434

(1)

Review Questions 1-31

435

(2)

Contract Law

437

(52)

Introduction

437

(1)

The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)

438

(3)

Ethics Alert

440

(1)

Types of Contracts

441

(1)

Discussion Question 1

442

(1)

The Elements of a Binding Contract

442

(16)

Offer and Acceptance

444

(1)

Offer

444

(1)

Statements of Intent and Preliminary Negotiations

445

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 1

445

(1)

Terms Definite

446

(1)

Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc.

446

(2)

Practice Tip

448

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

448

(1)

Termination of an Offer

448

(1)

Acceptance

449

(1)

Practice Tip

450

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 2

450

(1)

Quasi-contract

451

(1)

Discussion Question 2

452

(1)

Consideration

452

(1)

Detriment to Promisee or Benefit to Promisor

452

(1)

Hamer v. Sidway

453

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-2

454

(1)

Problems with Consideration

454

(1)

Alaska Packers' Association v. Domenico

455

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

457

(1)

Promissory Estoppel

457

(1)

Defenses to a Valid Contract

458

(16)

Lack of Contractual Capacity

458

(1)

Minors

459

(1)

Quality Motors, Inc. v. Hays

459

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-4

461

(1)

Intoxication

461

(1)

Lucy v. Zehmer

461

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

463

(1)

Mental Incompetence

464

(1)

Illegal Contracts and Those That Violate Public Policy

464

(1)

Lack of Genuiness of Assent

465

(1)

Fraud

465

(1)

Vokes v. Arthur Murray, Inc.

466

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

467

(1)

Mistake

467

(1)

Undue Influence

468

(1)

Duress

468

(1)

Breach of Warranty

468

(1)

Practice Tip

469

(1)

Webster v. Blue Ship Tea Room, Inc.

470

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

472

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 3

472

(1)

Lack of Proper Format---Writing

472

(1)

Discussion Questions 3-4

473

(1)

Ethics Alert

474

(1)

Termination of Contractual Duties

474

(4)

By Performance

474

(1)

Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent

475

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-4

476

(1)

By Agreement

477

(1)

When Performance Is Impossible

477

(1)

Due to Commercial Impracticability

477

(1)

Third-Party Rights

478

(2)

Assignment

478

(1)

Delegation

478

(1)

Third-Party Beneficiaries

478

(1)

Intended Beneficiaries

479

(1)

Incidental Beneficiaries

480

(1)

Damages

480

(2)

Drafting and Reviewing Contracts

482

(7)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 4

484

(1)

Summary

485

(1)

Review Questions 1-41

485

(4)

Property and Estate Law

489

(30)

Introduction

489

(1)

Property Law

489

(17)

Ownership of Real Property

491

(2)

Discussion Questions 1-2

493

(1)

Rental of Real Property

493

(1)

Practice Tip

494

(1)

Baiz v. Hoffius

495

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-4

497

(1)

Transfer of Real Property

497

(1)

Practice Tip

497

(1)

Sale

498

(1)

Death of the Owner

499

(1)

Ethics Alert

499

(1)

Practice Tip

500

(1)

Gift

500

(1)

Seizure by a Creditor

500

(1)

Eminent Domain

500

(1)

Zoning Laws

501

(2)

Public Use

503

(2)

Discussion Question 3

505

(1)

Adverse Possession

505

(1)

Transfer of Personal Property

506

(1)

Estate Planning

506

(13)

Wills

507

(1)

Practice Tips

507

(1)

Ethics Alert

508

(1)

Living Wills

509

(1)

Trusts

509

(1)

Probate Process

509

(1)

Intestate Succession

510

(2)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 1

512

(2)

Probating a Will

514

(1)

Practice Tip

514

(1)

In the Matter of the Estate of Franklin J. Till

514

(3)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

517

(1)

Discussion Question 4

517

(1)

Summary

517

(1)

Review Questions 1-18

518

(1)

Laws Affecting Business

519

(56)

Introduction

519

(2)

The Four Basic Business Forms

521

(8)

Sole Proprietorship

521

(1)

Partnership

522

(2)

Ethics Alert

524

(1)

Van Dyke v. Bixby

525

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-2

526

(1)

Corporation

526

(2)

Limited Liability Company and Limited Liability Partnership

528

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 1-2

529

(1)

Borrowing Money

529

(5)

Commercial Paper

529

(2)

Secured Transactions

531

(3)

Agency Law and an Employer's Responsibility for an Employee's Act

534

(6)

Agency Law

534

(1)

Ethics Alert

535

(1)

Employees versus Independent Contractors

535

(1)

Employees and Independent Contractors as Agents

536

(1)

Employer's Liability for Acts of Employees

536

(1)

Ethics Alert

537

(1)

O'Connor v. McDonald's Restaurants of California, Inc.

538

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-2

539

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 3-7

540

(1)

Employment Law

540

(35)

Title VII: Discrimination Based on Race, Color, Religion, Sex, or National Origin

541

(1)

Introduction to Title VII

541

(3)

Discussion Questions 1-3

544

(1)

The Three Theories of Discrimination

545

(1)

Overt Intentional Discrimination and the BFOQ Defense

545

(1)

Diaz v. Pan American World Airways, Inc.

546

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

548

(1)

Discussion Question 4

549

(1)

Intentional Discrimination---Disparate Treatment

549

(1)

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green

550

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

551

(1)

Practice Tip

552

(1)

Unintentional Discrimination---Disparate Impact

553

(1)

Griggs v. Duke Power Co.

554

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-5

556

(1)

Sexual Harassment

557

(2)

Discussion Questions 5-6

559

(1)

Affirmative Action

559

(4)

Discussion Questions 7-8

563

(1)

Damage Awards and Other Relief under Title VII

563

(1)

Discussion Question 9

564

(1)

ADEA: Age Discrimination

564

(3)

ADA: Disability Discrimination

567

(2)

Practice Tip

569

(1)

Limitations on Employee Lawsuits against State and Local Governmental Employers

569

(1)

Common Law Approaches: At-Will Employment

570

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 8-10

571

(1)

Summary

571

(1)

Review Questions 1-39

572

(3)

Family Law

575

(50)

Introduction

575

(1)

Marriage

576

(33)

Discussion Questions 1-4

577

(1)

Consequences of Marriage

578

(1)

Practice Tip

578

(1)

Practice Tip

578

(1)

Same-Sex Marriages and Civil Unions

578

(2)

Opinions of the Justices to the Senate

580

(3)

Case Discussion Questions 1-7

583

(2)

Discussion Questions 5-8

585

(1)

Premarital Agreements

586

(1)

Discussion Questions 9-10

586

(1)

Ethics Alert

587

(1)

Consequences of Broken Engagements

587

(1)

Aronow v. Silver

587

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

589

(1)

Termination of the Marital Relationship

589

(1)

Annulment

589

(1)

Practice Tip

590

(1)

Discussion Questions 11-12

591

(1)

Divorce/Dissolution

591

(1)

Ethics Alert

592

(1)

Practice Tip

592

(1)

Divorce Procedures

593

(3)

Property Settlements

596

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 1

596

(2)

Practice Tip

598

(1)

Practice Tip

598

(1)

Woodworth v. Woodworth

599

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-2

600

(1)

Alimony/Maintenance Agreements

601

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 2

601

(1)

Custody, Visitation, and Child Support

601

(1)

Carroll v. Carroll

602

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

604

(3)

Practice Tip

607

(1)

Discussion Questions 13-17

608

(1)

The Parent-Child Relationship

609

(16)

Establishing the Relationship

609

(1)

Paternity Actions

609

(1)

Discussion Questions 18-20

610

(1)

Adoption

610

(2)

Discussion Questions 21-22

612

(1)

In re Petition of John Doe and Jane Doe, Husband and Wife, to Adopt Baby Boy Janikova

612

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-4

613

(1)

Adoption Records

614

(1)

In re Roger B

614

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-2

615

(1)

Tort of Wrongful Adoption

616

(1)

Surrogacy

616

(1)

In the Matter of Baby M

617

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-4

618

(1)

Discussion Question 23

619

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 3

619

(1)

Parental Rights, Responsibilities, and Liabilities

619

(1)

Child Neglect and Abuse

620

(1)

Discussion Questions 24-26

621

(1)

Legal Status of Minors

622

(1)

Summary

623

(1)

Review Questions 1-24

623

(2)

Criminal Law and Procedure

625

(76)

Introduction

625

(1)

Ethics Alert

626

(1)

Substantive Criminal Law

627

(31)

Common-Law Heritage and Model Penal Code

627

(1)

Ethics Alert

627

(1)

Discussion Questions 1-3

628

(1)

Classification of Crimes

628

(1)

Severity of Punishment

628

(1)

Type of Harm

629

(2)

Practice Tip

631

(1)

Federal or State Law

631

(1)

Elements of the Crime

632

(1)

Actus Reus

632

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 1

633

(1)

Mens Rea

634

(1)

Smallwood v. State [of Maryland]

634

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-2

636

(3)

Parties to the Crime

639

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercises 2-4

640

(2)

Defenses

642

(1)

Practice Tip

642

(1)

Alibi Defense

642

(1)

Ignorance or Mistake

642

(1)

Status: Infancy, Insanity, and Intoxication

643

(1)

Practice Tip

643

(2)

People v. Wolff

645

(1)

Case Discussion Questions 1-2

646

(2)

Discussion Questions 4-6

648

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 5

648

(1)

Practice Tip

649

(1)

Duress and Necessity

649

(1)

Entrapment

650

(1)

Reactive Defenses

650

(1)

People v. Goetz

651

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-3

653

(1)

Practice Tip

654

(1)

Statutes of Limitations and Speedy Trial Acts

654

(1)

Constitutional Defenses

655

(2)

Discussion Questions 7-9

657

(1)

Dynamic Change

658

(1)

Criminal Procedure

658

(43)

Practice Tip

658

(1)

Investigation of the Crime

659

(2)

Search and Seizure

661

(1)

Stop and Frisk

661

(2)

Arrest

663

(1)

Searches and Seizures of Evidence

663

(1)

Practice Tip

664

(2)

Discussion Questions 10-11

666

(1)

Questioning Suspects

666

(4)

Rhode Island v. Innis

670

(3)

Case Discussion Questions 1-2

673

(1)

Ethics Alert

674

(1)

Practice Tip

674

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 6

675

(1)

The Court System

675

(1)

Formal Charges, Initial Appearances, and Bail

675

(2)

Preliminary Hearings and Grand Juries

677

(1)

Arraignments, the Exclusionary Rule, and Pretrial Motions

678

(1)

Ethics Alert

678

(1)

Practice Tip

679

(1)

Practice Tip

680

(1)

Discussion Question 12

680

(3)

Ethics Alert

683

(1)

Mapp v. Ohio

683

(2)

Case Discussion Questions 1-4

685

(1)

Legal Reasoning Exercise 7

685

(1)

Plea Bargaining

686

(1)

The Right to a Jury Trial

687

(1)

Practice Tip

687

(2)

Trial Procedures

689

(1)

Practice Tip

689

(1)

Discussion Question 13

690

(1)

Sentencing and Punishment

690

(1)

Theories of Punishment

690

(1)

Sentencing Procedures

691

(1)

Sentencing Guidelines

692

(1)

Habitual Offender Statutes

692

(1)

Capital Punishment

693

(1)

Appeal

694

(1)

Discussion Questions 14-18

695

(1)

Summary

695

(1)

Review Questions 1-47

696

(5)

Appendix A Excerpts from the United States Constitution

701

(6)

Appendix B Fundamentals of Good Writing

707

(24)

Introduction

707

(1)

Part I: Grammar

708

(10)

Use Proper Sentence Structure

708

(1)

Use Simple Sentence Construction

708

(1)

Use Normal Sentence Order

708

(1)

One Thought per Sentence

708

(1)

Limit Sentences to Twenty-Five Words

708

(1)

Use Tabulations

709

(1)

Avoid Intrusive Phrases

709

(1)

Avoid Sentence Fragments

710

(1)

Avoid Run-On Sentences (Fused Sentences and Comma Splices)

711

(1)

Use Parallel Construction

712

(1)

Use the Proper Verb Tense

712

(1)

Make Sure Pronouns and Antecedents Agree

713

(1)

Put Modifying Words Close to What They Modify

714

(1)

Avoid Punctuation Problems

715

(1)

Use the Serial Comma

715

(1)

Do Not Use a Comma with Compound Verbs or between a Subject and Its Verb

715

(1)

Use Commas to Set Off Phrases Containing Nonessential Information

716

(1)

Forming the Possessive

716

(1)

Combining Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation

717

(1)

Part II: Style

718

(7)

Avoid Long Paragraphs

718

(1)

Do Not Bury Your Points

719

(1)

Use Transitions

719

(1)

Be Concise

720

(1)

Eliminate Unnecessary Words

720

(1)

Remove Unnecessary Introductory Phrases

721

(1)

Say It Once

721

(1)

Avoid the Passive Voice

721

(2)

Special Rules for Legal Writing

723

(1)

Avoid Legalese

723

(1)

Make the Court and Not the Court Opinion the Actor

723

(1)

Avoid Unnecessary Variation

723

(1)

Do Not Use the First Person

724

(1)

Do Not Use Contractions

724

(1)

Do Not Ask Your Reader Questions

724

(1)

That Case/This Case

725

(1)

Written Numbers versus Numerals

725

(1)

Do Not Eliminate the Articles ``A,'' ``An,'' and ``The''

725

(1)

Part III: Correct Word Usage

725

(6)

Summary

727

(1)

Review Questions 1-25

728

(3)

Appendix C The Basics of Citation Form

731

(28)

Introduction

731

(2)

Part I: Court Opinion Citation Form

733

(13)

Case Reporters

735

(1)

The Essentials of Case Citation

736

(2)

Case Name

738

(1)

Omit First Names

739

(1)

Omit Descriptive Terms

739

(1)

Omit All but the First Parties' Names

739

(1)

Use Abbreviations

739

(1)

The State as Part of the Citation

740

(1)

Case Reporter

740

(1)

The Parallel Citation

741

(1)

A Special Rule for the U.S. Supreme Court

742

(1)

Advance Sheets, Westlaw, and Lexis

743

(1)

Cite to Specific Pages

743

(1)

Parenthetical

744

(1)

Case History

745

(1)

Part II: Enacted Law Citation Form

746

(6)

Statutory Citation

747

(1)

Federal Statutes

747

(1)

State Statutes

748

(2)

Local Ordinances

750

(1)

Administrative Law

751

(1)

Constitutions

752

(1)

Part III: Using Citations in Your Legal Writing

752

(3)

The Citation as a Sentence or Clause

752

(1)

String Citations

753

(1)

Explanatory Parentheticals

753

(1)

Signals

753

(1)

Authority Previously Cited---Short Citing

754

(1)

Example of Citations Integrated into Text

755

(1)

Summary of the Most Common Citation Forms

755

(1)

Part IV: Citations in the Electronic Era

755

(4)

Summary

757

(1)

Review Questions 1-15

757

(2)

Appendix D Ethical Codes

759

(8)

National Association of Legal Assistants Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility

759

(2)

NFPA Model Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility

761

(6)

Appendix E NetNotes

767

(6)

Business Information

767

(1)

Citation Rules

767

(1)

Commercial On-Line Providers

767

(1)

Court System

768

(1)

Criminal Law

768

(1)

Government Sites

768

(1)

Grammar

768

(1)

Legal Ethics

769

(1)

Legal News

769

(1)

Legal Search Engines

769

(1)

Organizations

769

(1)

Primary Material

770

(1)

Torts

770

(1)

Uniform Laws

771

(2)

Glossary

773

(24)

Table of Cases

797

(4)

Index

801

Introduction to Law for Paralegals : A Critical Thinking Approach

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