Financial Management for Non-financial Managers

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Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2012-06-15
Publisher(s): Kogan Page Ltd
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Summary

Financial Management for Non-Financial Managersis an accessible, practical and easy to understand guide that will allow any manager to gain confidence in understanding financial matters, managing a budget and dealing with bankers, accountants and finance professionals. This book is a source of invaluable expert advice on all the essential aspects of financial management, covering: business structures, accounting and financial statements, analysis and ratios, planning, budgeting, product and service costing, setting selling prices, investment appraisal, finance and working capital, taxation and international transactions. Online spreadsheets and worksheets are included to accompany key skills and practices explained in the book.

Author Biography

Clive Marsh is a Chartered Banker, Fellow of the Chartered Banker Institute, Associate Chartered Accountant (NZ) and Fellow of the Chartered Management Institute. He has held key roles including Head of Finance, Director of Commercial Services and Director of Business Development and has worked for Shell, Mobil, NatWest, DataBank (BNZ), IBM UK, Cap Gemini, Ernst Young and a number of niche strategy consulting firms.

Table of Contents

Online resourcesp. ix
Introductionp. 1
Types of business structure and their financep. 4
Sole proprietorsp. 5
Partnerships: general and limited liabilityp. 6
Corporationsp. 8
A company limited by sharesp. 8
Limited companiesp. 8
Public limited companiesp. 9
Summaryp. 9
The role of the accounting and finance departmentp. 11
Financial accounting, payroll, budgeting, management accounting, taxation, treasuryp. 11
Accounting and finance department relationshipsp. 17
Summaryp. 18
Accounting and financial statementsp. 19
Double entry system and ledgersp. 19
Trial balancep. 24
Profit-and-loss accountp. 25
Balance sheetp. 25
Classification of assets and liabilitiesp. 26
Source and application of funds statementsp. 27
Principles: matching, accruals, deferrals, consistency, conservatism, accounting periods, materiality, going-concern concept, form and substance, full disclosure and clarityp. 29
Accounting and the environmentp. 33
Neuroscience and accountingp. 33
Summaryp. 34
Analysis and financial ratiosp. 35
Ratio analysisp. 36
Gross profit percentagep. 38
Net profit percentagep. 38
Current ratiop. 39
Liquidity ratiop. 40
Stock-turnover ratiop. 40
Debtors' daysp. 41
Fixed assets turnover ratiop. 42
Gearing ratiop. 43
Return on capital employed ratiop. 43
Return on equity: earnings per sharep. 44
The price-earnings ratio (PER)p. 45
Earnings-yieldp. 45
Dividend coverp. 45
Dividend yieldp. 46
Summaryp. 46
Planning and budgetingp. 48
The planning and budgeting processp. 49
Departmental budgets and variance analysisp. 51
Key budgets: sales, production, materials, labour, overheads, capitalp. 51
Some key departmental budgetsp. 55
The direct materials budgetp. 59
Capital budgetsp. 64
Capital rationingp. 67
Summaryp. 69
Product and service costing and pricingp. 70
Types of cost: fixed, variable, semi-variablep. 70
Total cost and unit costsp. 72
Contribution, break-even point and marginal costingp. 73
Absorption costing - standard costingp. 78
Activity-based costing (ABC)p. 83
Selling prices and the sales mixp. 84
Summaryp. 88
Setting selling prices and marketing strategiesp. 89
Pricing strategiesp. 92
Summaryp. 96
Investment appraisalp. 98
Relevant cash flowp. 98
Pay-back periodp. 100
Return on capitalp. 101
Accounting rate of return (ARR)p. 102
Discounted-cash-flow and net present valuep. 103
The internal rate of return (IRR)p. 106
Capital rationingp. 108
Summaryp. 110
Finance, funding and working capitalp. 111
Finance and working capitalp. 111
Short-term funds: overdrafts, short-term loans, invoice finance, trade credit, managing stocksp. 112
Leases: short term - long termp. 118
Term funding and long-term finance: optimal gearing, equity funds, ordinary shares, preference shares, debentures, bonds, convertibles, notes, subordinated debt, Eurobonds, commercial mortgages, venture capital, derivativesp. 123
Export finance: bills of exchange, letters of credit, export credit guaranteesp. 130
Using retained earnings as a source of fundsp. 131
Bank relationshipsp. 132
Covenantsp. 135
Financing entrepreneurial thinking and venture capitalistsp. 136
Interest-rate riskp. 138
Financial marketsp. 140
Summaryp. 141
International transactions and currency riskp. 142
Buying or selling foreign currencyp. 142
Foreign exchange risksp. 144
Foreign currency accountsp. 146
Forward exchange contractsp. 147
Hedging using the money marketp. 148
Currency futuresp. 148
Currency optionsp. 150
Currency swapsp. 151
Invoicing in domestic currencyp. 153
Advance paymentp. 153
Matchingp. 153
Intra-group tradingp. 154
Export invoice financep. 154
Single Euro Payments Area Direct Debit Schemep. 154
Summaryp. 155
Company taxation and financial managementp. 156
Direct and indirect taxationp. 157
Taxes on companies and corporationsp. 159
VAT and GSTp. 160
Taxes on the earnings of employeesp. 162
Global tax planningp. 163
Double-taxation reliefp. 164
Transfer pricingp. 164
Bringing taxation into the decision-making processp. 165
Taxation and the economy: future trends in tax collectionp. 166
Summaryp. 168
The value of a businessp. 169
Building valuep. 169
Methods of valuing a businessp. 171
Summaryp. 179
Financial strategyp. 180
Elements of a financial strategyp. 181
Strategic financial managementp. 182
Summaryp. 189
The cost of capitalp. 191
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC)p. 192
The marginal cost of capitalp. 192
The cost of ordinary share capitalp. 192
Dividend growth modelp. 195
Capital-asset-pricing model (CAPM)p. 195
Summaryp. 196
Dividend policyp. 197
Influences in dividend policyp. 198
Dividend policy theoriesp. 199
Ways of paying dividendsp. 200
Summaryp. 202
Case studiesp. 203
Misuse of short-term funds with disastrous consequencesp. 205
Foreign exchange hedging v speculationp. 207
Stock valuations and profitsp. 209
Bank loans and covenantsp. 211
Separating money transmission from a lending bankp. 213
Credit ratings and fundamental analysisp. 215
Advantages and disadvantages of internal chargingp. 217
Marginal costing v full absorption costingp. 220
Overtrading: profits but no cashp. 221
Integrating the planning and budgeting process, leading to outsourcingp. 223
Government deficits and cost cuttingp. 227
A 5 per cent increase in sales is generally worth more than a 5 per cent reduction in costsp. 229
Large capital projects and cost control: critical path analysis and integration with mainstream accountsp. 231
A mass of figures just makes life more complicatedp. 233
High levels of fixed costs when income is variable can cause failurep. 234
Interest rates and inflationp. 236
Appendicesp. 239
Indexp. 241
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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