Financial Management for Non-financial Managers
by Marsh, CliveBuy New
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Summary
Author Biography
Table of Contents
| Online resources | p. ix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Types of business structure and their finance | p. 4 |
| Sole proprietors | p. 5 |
| Partnerships: general and limited liability | p. 6 |
| Corporations | p. 8 |
| A company limited by shares | p. 8 |
| Limited companies | p. 8 |
| Public limited companies | p. 9 |
| Summary | p. 9 |
| The role of the accounting and finance department | p. 11 |
| Financial accounting, payroll, budgeting, management accounting, taxation, treasury | p. 11 |
| Accounting and finance department relationships | p. 17 |
| Summary | p. 18 |
| Accounting and financial statements | p. 19 |
| Double entry system and ledgers | p. 19 |
| Trial balance | p. 24 |
| Profit-and-loss account | p. 25 |
| Balance sheet | p. 25 |
| Classification of assets and liabilities | p. 26 |
| Source and application of funds statements | p. 27 |
| Principles: matching, accruals, deferrals, consistency, conservatism, accounting periods, materiality, going-concern concept, form and substance, full disclosure and clarity | p. 29 |
| Accounting and the environment | p. 33 |
| Neuroscience and accounting | p. 33 |
| Summary | p. 34 |
| Analysis and financial ratios | p. 35 |
| Ratio analysis | p. 36 |
| Gross profit percentage | p. 38 |
| Net profit percentage | p. 38 |
| Current ratio | p. 39 |
| Liquidity ratio | p. 40 |
| Stock-turnover ratio | p. 40 |
| Debtors' days | p. 41 |
| Fixed assets turnover ratio | p. 42 |
| Gearing ratio | p. 43 |
| Return on capital employed ratio | p. 43 |
| Return on equity: earnings per share | p. 44 |
| The price-earnings ratio (PER) | p. 45 |
| Earnings-yield | p. 45 |
| Dividend cover | p. 45 |
| Dividend yield | p. 46 |
| Summary | p. 46 |
| Planning and budgeting | p. 48 |
| The planning and budgeting process | p. 49 |
| Departmental budgets and variance analysis | p. 51 |
| Key budgets: sales, production, materials, labour, overheads, capital | p. 51 |
| Some key departmental budgets | p. 55 |
| The direct materials budget | p. 59 |
| Capital budgets | p. 64 |
| Capital rationing | p. 67 |
| Summary | p. 69 |
| Product and service costing and pricing | p. 70 |
| Types of cost: fixed, variable, semi-variable | p. 70 |
| Total cost and unit costs | p. 72 |
| Contribution, break-even point and marginal costing | p. 73 |
| Absorption costing - standard costing | p. 78 |
| Activity-based costing (ABC) | p. 83 |
| Selling prices and the sales mix | p. 84 |
| Summary | p. 88 |
| Setting selling prices and marketing strategies | p. 89 |
| Pricing strategies | p. 92 |
| Summary | p. 96 |
| Investment appraisal | p. 98 |
| Relevant cash flow | p. 98 |
| Pay-back period | p. 100 |
| Return on capital | p. 101 |
| Accounting rate of return (ARR) | p. 102 |
| Discounted-cash-flow and net present value | p. 103 |
| The internal rate of return (IRR) | p. 106 |
| Capital rationing | p. 108 |
| Summary | p. 110 |
| Finance, funding and working capital | p. 111 |
| Finance and working capital | p. 111 |
| Short-term funds: overdrafts, short-term loans, invoice finance, trade credit, managing stocks | p. 112 |
| Leases: short term - long term | p. 118 |
| Term funding and long-term finance: optimal gearing, equity funds, ordinary shares, preference shares, debentures, bonds, convertibles, notes, subordinated debt, Eurobonds, commercial mortgages, venture capital, derivatives | p. 123 |
| Export finance: bills of exchange, letters of credit, export credit guarantees | p. 130 |
| Using retained earnings as a source of funds | p. 131 |
| Bank relationships | p. 132 |
| Covenants | p. 135 |
| Financing entrepreneurial thinking and venture capitalists | p. 136 |
| Interest-rate risk | p. 138 |
| Financial markets | p. 140 |
| Summary | p. 141 |
| International transactions and currency risk | p. 142 |
| Buying or selling foreign currency | p. 142 |
| Foreign exchange risks | p. 144 |
| Foreign currency accounts | p. 146 |
| Forward exchange contracts | p. 147 |
| Hedging using the money market | p. 148 |
| Currency futures | p. 148 |
| Currency options | p. 150 |
| Currency swaps | p. 151 |
| Invoicing in domestic currency | p. 153 |
| Advance payment | p. 153 |
| Matching | p. 153 |
| Intra-group trading | p. 154 |
| Export invoice finance | p. 154 |
| Single Euro Payments Area Direct Debit Scheme | p. 154 |
| Summary | p. 155 |
| Company taxation and financial management | p. 156 |
| Direct and indirect taxation | p. 157 |
| Taxes on companies and corporations | p. 159 |
| VAT and GST | p. 160 |
| Taxes on the earnings of employees | p. 162 |
| Global tax planning | p. 163 |
| Double-taxation relief | p. 164 |
| Transfer pricing | p. 164 |
| Bringing taxation into the decision-making process | p. 165 |
| Taxation and the economy: future trends in tax collection | p. 166 |
| Summary | p. 168 |
| The value of a business | p. 169 |
| Building value | p. 169 |
| Methods of valuing a business | p. 171 |
| Summary | p. 179 |
| Financial strategy | p. 180 |
| Elements of a financial strategy | p. 181 |
| Strategic financial management | p. 182 |
| Summary | p. 189 |
| The cost of capital | p. 191 |
| The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) | p. 192 |
| The marginal cost of capital | p. 192 |
| The cost of ordinary share capital | p. 192 |
| Dividend growth model | p. 195 |
| Capital-asset-pricing model (CAPM) | p. 195 |
| Summary | p. 196 |
| Dividend policy | p. 197 |
| Influences in dividend policy | p. 198 |
| Dividend policy theories | p. 199 |
| Ways of paying dividends | p. 200 |
| Summary | p. 202 |
| Case studies | p. 203 |
| Misuse of short-term funds with disastrous consequences | p. 205 |
| Foreign exchange hedging v speculation | p. 207 |
| Stock valuations and profits | p. 209 |
| Bank loans and covenants | p. 211 |
| Separating money transmission from a lending bank | p. 213 |
| Credit ratings and fundamental analysis | p. 215 |
| Advantages and disadvantages of internal charging | p. 217 |
| Marginal costing v full absorption costing | p. 220 |
| Overtrading: profits but no cash | p. 221 |
| Integrating the planning and budgeting process, leading to outsourcing | p. 223 |
| Government deficits and cost cutting | p. 227 |
| A 5 per cent increase in sales is generally worth more than a 5 per cent reduction in costs | p. 229 |
| Large capital projects and cost control: critical path analysis and integration with mainstream accounts | p. 231 |
| A mass of figures just makes life more complicated | p. 233 |
| High levels of fixed costs when income is variable can cause failure | p. 234 |
| Interest rates and inflation | p. 236 |
| Appendices | p. 239 |
| Index | p. 241 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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