Electric Vehicle Technology Explained,9780470851630

Electric Vehicle Technology Explained

by ;
ISBN13: 9780470851630
ISBN10: 0470851635
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-12-01
Publisher(s): WILEY
List Price: $165.00

Buy New

Usually Ships in 8 - 10 Business Days.
$156.75
Add to Cart

Rent Textbook

Select for Price
Add to Cart
There was a problem. Please try again later.

Used Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

eTextbook

We're Sorry
Not Available

Summary

While the classic battery electric car continues to make only a small impact on the automobile market, other types of electric vehicle, especially hybrids, have made significant and promising improvements. Moreover, small battery electric vehicles such as bicycles and mobility aids are also developing well. Presenting more than 160 diagrams and pictures, this book explains the science and technology behind these important developments, and also introduces the issues that underpin the design and performance modelling of electric vehicles. Electric Vehicle Technology Explained: Encompasses a full range of electric vehicles: bicycles, mobility aids, delivery vehicles and buses - not just cars. Covers all the basic technology relating to electric road vehicles - batteries, super capacitors, flywheels, fuel cells, electric motors and their controllers, and system design. Considers the environmental benefits and disadvantages of electric vehicles and their component devices. Includes case studies of a range of batteries, hybrids and fuel cell powered vehicles, from bicycles to buses. Offers many MATLABr examples explaining the design of appropriate computer prediction models. Professionals, researchers and engineers in the electric vehicle industry as well as advanced students in electrical and mechanical engineering will benefit from this comprehensive coverage of electric vehicle technology.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xiii
Symbols xv
1 Introduction
1(22)
1.1 A Brief History
1(4)
1.1.1 Early days
1(2)
1.1.2 The relative decline of electric vehicles after 1910
3(2)
1.1.3 Uses for which battery electric vehicles have remained popular
5(1)
1.2 Developments Towards the End of the 20th Century
5(2)
1.3 Types of Electric Vehicle in Use Today
7(13)
1.3.1 Battery electric vehicles
8(1)
1.3.2 The IC engine/electric hybrid vehicle
9(6)
1.3.3 Fuelled electric vehicles
15(3)
1.3.4 Electric vehicles using supply lines
18(1)
1.3.5 Solar powered vehicles
18(1)
1.3.6 Electric vehicles which use flywheels or super capacitors
18(2)
1.4 Electric Vehicles for the Future
20(1)
Bibliography
21(2)
2 Batteries
23(46)
2.1 Introduction
23(1)
2.2 Battery Parameters
24(6)
2.2.1 Cell and battery voltages
24(1)
2.2.2 Charge (or Amphour) capacity
25(1)
2.2.3 Energy stored
26(1)
2.2.4 Specific energy
27(1)
2.2.5 Energy density
27(1)
2.2.6 Specific power
28(1)
2.2.7 Amphour (or charge) efficiency
28(1)
2.2.8 Energy efficiency
29(1)
2.2.9 Self discharge rates
29(1)
2.2.10 Battery geometry
29(1)
2.2.11 Battery temperature, heating and cooling needs
29(1)
2.2.12 Battery life and number of deep cycles
29(1)
2.3 Lead Acid Batteries
30(5)
2.3.1 Lead acid battery basics
30(2)
2.3.2 Special characteristics of lead acid batteries
32(2)
2.3.3 Battery life and maintenance
34(1)
2.3.4 Battery charging
35(1)
2.3.5 Summary of lead acid batteries
35(1)
2.4 Nickel-based Batteries
35(6)
2.4.1 Introduction
35(1)
2.4.2 Nickel cadmium
36(2)
2.4.3 Nickel metal hydride batteries
38(3)
2.5 Sodium-based Batteries
41(3)
2.5.1 Introduction
41(1)
2.5.2 Sodium sulphur batteries
41(1)
2.5.3 Sodium metal chloride (Zebra) batteries
42(2)
2.6 Lithium Batteries
44(2)
2.6.1 Introduction
44(1)
2.6.2 The lithium polymer battery
45(1)
2.6.3 The lithium ion battery
45(1)
2.7 Metal Air Batteries
46(2)
2.7.1 Introduction
46(1)
2.7.2 The aluminium air battery
46(1)
2.7.3 The zinc air battery
47(1)
2.8 Battery Charging
48(3)
2.8.1 Battery chargers
48(1)
2.8.2 Charge equalisation
49(2)
2.9 The Designer's Choice of Battery
51(2)
2.9.1 Introduction
51(1)
2.9.2 Batteries which are currently available commercially
52(1)
2.10 Use of Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles
53(1)
2.10.1 Introduction
53(1)
2.10.2 Internal combustion/battery electric hybrids
53(1)
2.10.3 Battery/battery electric hybrids
53(1)
2.10.4 Combinations using flywheels
54(1)
2.10.5 Complex hybrids
54(1)
2.11 Battery Modelling
54(12)
2.11.1 The purpose of battery modelling
54(1)
2.11.2 Battery equivalent circuit
55(2)
2.11.3 Modelling battery capacity
57(4)
2.11.4 Simulation a battery at a set power
61(3)
2.11.5 Calculating the Peukert Coefficient
64(1)
2.11.6 Approximate battery sizing
65(1)
2.12 In Conclusion
66(1)
References
67(2)
3 Alternative and Novel Energy Sources and Stores
69(12)
3.1 Introduction
69(1)
3.2 Solar Photovoltaics
69(2)
3.3 Wind Power
71(1)
3.4 Flywheels
72(2)
3.5 Super Capacitors
74(3)
3.6 Supply Rails
77(3)
References
80(1)
4 Fuel Cells
81(30)
4.1 Fuel cells, a Real Option?
81(2)
4.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Basic Principles
83(6)
4.2.1 Electrode reactions
83(1)
4.2.2 Different electrolytes
84(3)
4.2.3 Fuel cell electrodes
87(2)
4.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics - an Introduction
89(7)
4.3.1 Fuel cell efficiency and efficiency limits
89(3)
4.3.2 Efficiency and the fuel cell voltage
92(2)
4.3.3 Practical fuel cell voltages
94(1)
4.3.4 The effect of pressure and gas concentration
95(1)
4.4 Connecting Cells in Series - the Bipolar Plate
96(5)
4.5 Water Management in the PEM Fuel Cell
101(4)
4.5.1 Introduction to the water problem
101(1)
4.5.2 The electrolyte of a PEM fuel cell
101(3)
4.5.3 Keeping the PEM hydrated
104(1)
4.6 Thermal Management of the PEM Fuel Cell
105(2)
4.7 A Complete Fuel Cell System
107(2)
References
109(2)
5 Hydrogen Supply
111(30)
5.1 Introduction
111(2)
5.2 Fuel Reforming
113(6)
5.2.1 Fuel cell requirements
113(1)
5.2.2 Steam reforming
114(2)
5.2.3 Partial oxidation and autothermal reforming
116(1)
5.2.4 Further fuel processing: carbon monoxide removal
117(1)
5.2.5 Practical fuel processing for mobile applications
118(1)
5.3 Hydrogen Storage I: Storage as Hydrogen
119(8)
5.3.1 Introduction to the problem
119(1)
5.3.2 Safety
120(1)
5.3.3 The storage of hydrogen as a compressed gas
120(2)
5.3.4 Storage of hydrogen as a liquid
122(2)
5.3.5 Reversible metal hydride hydrogen stores
124(2)
5.3.6 Carbon nanofibres
126(1)
5.3.7 Storage methods compared
127(1)
5.4 Hydrogen Storage II: Chemical Methods
127(11)
5.4.1 Introduction
127(1)
5.4.2 Methanol
128(2)
5.4.3 Alkali metal hydrides
130(2)
5.4.4 Sodium borohydride
132(3)
5.4.5 Ammonia
135(3)
5.4.6 Storage methods compared
138(1)
References
138(3)
6 Electric Machines and their Controllers
141(42)
6.1 The 'Brushed' DC Electric Motor
141(14)
6.1.1 Operation of the basic DC motor
141(2)
6.1.2 Torque speed characteristics
143(4)
6.1.3 Controlling the brushed DC motor
147(1)
6.1.4 Providing the magnetic field for DC motors
147(2)
6.1.5 DC motor efficiency
149(2)
6.1.6 Motor losses and motor size
151(2)
6.1.7 Electric motors as brakes
153(2)
6.2 DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion
155(11)
6.2.1 Switching devices
155(2)
6.2.2 Step-down or 'buck' regulators
157(2)
6.2.3 Step-up or 'boost' switching regulator
159(3)
6.2.4 Single-phase inverters
162(3)
6.2.5 Three-phase
165(1)
6.3 Brushless Electric Motors
166(9)
6.3.1 Introduction
166(1)
6.3.2 The brushless DC motor
167(2)
6.3.3 Switched reluctance motors
169(4)
6.3.4 The induction motor
173(2)
6.4 Motor Cooling, Efficiency, Size and Mass
175(4)
6.4.1 Improving motor efficiency
175(2)
6.4.2 Motor mass
177(2)
6.5 Electrical Machines for Hybrid Vehicles
179(2)
References
181(2)
7 Electric Vehicle Modelling
183(30)
7.1 Introduction
183(1)
7.2 Tractive Effort
184(4)
7.2.1 Introduction
184(1)
7.2.2 Rolling resistance force
184(1)
7.2.3 Aerodynamic drag
185(1)
7.2.4 Hill climbing force
185(1)
7.2.5 Acceleration force
185(2)
7.2.6 Total tractive effort
187(1)
7.3 Modelling Vehicle Acceleration
188(8)
7.3.1 Acceleration performance parameters
188(1)
7.3.2 Modelling the acceleration of an electric scooter
189(4)
7.3.3 Modelling the acceleration of a small car
193(3)
7.4 Modelling Electric Vehicle Range
196(16)
7.4.1 Driving cycles
196(5)
7.4.2 Range modelling of battery electric vehicles
201(5)
7.4.3 Constant velocity range modelling
206(1)
7.4.4 Other uses of simulations
207(1)
7.4.5 Range modelling of fuel cell vehicles
208(3)
7.4.6 Range modelling of hybrid electric vehicles
211(1)
7.5 Simulations: a Summary
212(1)
References
212(1)
8 Design Considerations
213(24)
8.1 Introduction
213(1)
8.2 Aerodynamic Considerations
213(5)
8.2.1 Aerodynamics and energy
213(4)
8.2.2 Body/chassis aerodynamic shape
217(1)
8.3 Consideration of Rolling Resistance
218(2)
8.4 Transmission Efficiency
220(3)
8.5 Consideration of Vehicle Mass
223(3)
8.6 Electric Vehicle Chassis and Body Design
226(8)
8.6.1 Body/chassis requirements
226(1)
8.6.2 Body/chassis layout
227(1)
8.6.3 Body/chassis strength, rigidity and crash resistance
228(3)
8.6.4 Designing for stability
231(1)
8.6.5 Suspension for electric vehicles
231(1)
8.6.6 Examples of chassis used in modern battery and hybrid electric vehicles
232(1)
8.6.7 Chassis used in modern fuel cell electric vehicles
232(2)
8.7 General Issues in Design
234(3)
8.7.1 Design specifications
234(1)
8.7.2 Software in the use of electric vehicle design
234(3)
9 Design of Ancillary Systems
237(8)
9.1 Introduction
237(1)
9.2 Heating and Cooling Systems
237(3)
9.3 Design of the Controls
240(3)
9.4 Power Steering
243(1)
9.5 Choice of Tyres
243(1)
9.6 Wing Mirrors, Aerials and Luggage Racks
243(1)
9.7 Electric Vehicle Recharging and Refuelling Systems
244(1)
10 Electric Vehicles and the Environment 245(16)
10.1 Introduction
245(1)
10.2 Vehicle Pollution: the Effects
245(3)
10.3 Vehicles Pollution: a Quantitative Analysis
248(3)
10.4 Vehicle Pollution in Context
251(3)
10.5 Alternative and Sustainable Energy Used via the Grid
254(4)
10.5.1 Solar energy
254(1)
10.5.2 Wind energy
255(1)
10.5.3 Hydro energy
255(1)
10.5.4 Tidal energy
255(1)
10.5.5 Biomass energy
256(1)
10.5.6 Geothermal energy
257(1)
10.5.7 Nuclear energy
257(1)
10.5.8 Marine current energy
257(1)
10.5.9 Wave energy
257(1)
10.6 Using Sustainable Energy with Fuelled Vehicles
258(1)
10.6.1 Fuel cells and renewable energy
258(1)
10.6.2 Use of sustainable energy with conventional IC engine vehicles
258(1)
10.7 The Role of Regulations and Law Makers
258(2)
References
260(1)
11 Case Studies 261(18)
11.1 Introduction
261(1)
11.2 Rechargeable Battery Vehicles
261(8)
11.2.1 Electric bicycles
261(2)
11.2.2 Electric mobility aids
263(1)
11.2.3 Low speed vehicles
263(3)
11.2.4 Battery powered cars and vans
266(3)
11.3 Hybrid Vehicles
269(3)
11.3.1 The Honda Insight
269(2)
11.3.2 The Toyota Prius
271(1)
11.4 Fuel Cell Powered Bus
272(3)
11.5 Conclusion
275(2)
References
277(2)
Appendices: MATLAB® Examples 279(14)
Appendix 1: Performance Simulation of the GM EV 1
279(1)
Appendix 2: Importing and Creating Driving Cycles
280(2)
Appendix 3: Simulating One Cycle
282(2)
Appendix 4: Range Simulation of the GM EV1 Electric Car
284(2)
Appendix 5: Electric Scooter Range Modelling
286(2)
Appendix 6: Fuel Cell Range Simulation
288(2)
Appendix 7: Motor Efficiency Plots
290(3)
Index 293

An electronic version of this book is available through VitalSource.

This book is viewable on PC, Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and most smartphones.

By purchasing, you will be able to view this book online, as well as download it, for the chosen number of days.

Digital License

You are licensing a digital product for a set duration. Durations are set forth in the product description, with "Lifetime" typically meaning five (5) years of online access and permanent download to a supported device. All licenses are non-transferable.

More details can be found here.

A downloadable version of this book is available through the eCampus Reader or compatible Adobe readers.

Applications are available on iOS, Android, PC, Mac, and Windows Mobile platforms.

Please view the compatibility matrix prior to purchase.