| Preface |
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xi | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
| Acronyms and Abbreviations |
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xv | |
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1 | (1) |
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Why This Book Was Written |
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1 | (1) |
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What Is Covered in This Book |
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2 | (1) |
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What the Reader Should Learn from This Book |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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History and State-of-the Art |
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Historical Development of Flame Arresters |
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5 | (2) |
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Case Histories of Successful and Unsuccessful Applications of Flame Arresters |
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7 | (3) |
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7 | (1) |
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Unsuccessful Applications |
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8 | (2) |
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Evolution of Standards and Codes |
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10 | (3) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Safety Concerns and Environmental Regulations: Tradeoffs and Conflicts |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (3) |
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Overview of Deflagration and Detonation Prevention and Protection Practices |
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17 | (1) |
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Deflagration and Detonation Flame Arresters |
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17 | (11) |
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28 | (2) |
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Oxidant Concentration Reduction |
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30 | (5) |
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Combustible Concentration Reduction |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (4) |
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Deflagration Pressure Containment |
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40 | (1) |
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Equipment and Piping Isolation |
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40 | (6) |
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46 | (5) |
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Overview of Combustion and Flame Propagation Phenomena Related to DDAs |
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Introduction to the Chemistry and Physics of Flame Propagation |
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51 | (9) |
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Combustion Chemistry and Thermodynamics |
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52 | (4) |
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Flammability Characteristics |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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Dynamics of Flame Propagation |
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60 | (11) |
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Burning Velocity and Flame Speed |
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60 | (4) |
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Flame Acceleration and Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (5) |
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71 | (2) |
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Theoretical Basis for Flame Arrester Design and Operation |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (4) |
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Deflagration and Detonation Flame Arrester Technology |
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Where Flame Arresters May Be Needed |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (20) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Hydraulic (Liquid Seal) Flame Arrester |
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87 | (8) |
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Packed Bed Flame Arrester |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Conservation Vent Valves as Flame Arresters |
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98 | (1) |
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Selection and Design Criteria/Considerations |
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98 | (30) |
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Classification According to NEC Groups and MESGs |
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98 | (6) |
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Reactions and Combustion Dynamics of Fast-Burning Gases |
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104 | (1) |
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Flame Propagation Direction |
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105 | (1) |
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Quenching Diameter, Quenching Length, and Flame Velocity |
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105 | (8) |
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113 | (1) |
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Pressure Drop Limitations |
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114 | (1) |
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Fouling and Plugging Potential and Protection |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Material Selection Requirements |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Operating Temperature and Pressure |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (4) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Monitoring and Instrumentation |
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127 | (1) |
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Inspection and Maintenance Requirements |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Information That Should Be Provided to Manufacturers |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (7) |
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Installation in Process Systems |
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Design Considerations with Respect to Other System Components |
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139 | (1) |
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Piping and Flame Arrester System Design Considerations |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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Optimum Location in System |
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142 | (1) |
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Supports for Static and Dynamic Forces |
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143 | (3) |
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146 | (1) |
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Inspection and Maintenance of Flame Arresters |
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Need and Importance of Maintenance |
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147 | (1) |
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Mechanical Integrity Issues |
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147 | (3) |
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148 | (1) |
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Current Maintenance Practices |
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149 | (1) |
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Documentation and Verification of Flame Arrester Maintenance |
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150 | (1) |
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Training and Competence Issues for Operating and Maintenance Personnel |
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150 | (1) |
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On-Stream Isolation and Switching of Parallel Spares |
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150 | (1) |
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Check List for Inspection |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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Regulations, Codes, and Standards |
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Regulations, Codes, and Standards Summaries |
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153 | (9) |
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153 | (5) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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Comparison of Various Flame Arrester Standards and Codes |
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162 | (3) |
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Standards and Codes in Preparation |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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Illustrative Examples, Calculations, and Guidelines for DDA Selection |
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167 | (1) |
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Example 1---Protective Measures for a Vent Manifold System |
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167 | (2) |
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Example 2---Sizing of an End-of-Line Deflagration Flame Arrester |
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169 | (3) |
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Example 3---Calculation of Limiting Oxidant Concentration (LOC) |
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172 | (1) |
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Example 4---Calculation of the LFL and UFL of Mixtures |
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172 | (1) |
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Example 5---Calculation of the MESG of Mixtures |
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173 | (2) |
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Determination If a DDT Can Occur |
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175 | (1) |
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Typical Locations in Process Systems |
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175 | (1) |
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List of Steps in the Selection of a DDA or Other Flame Propagation Control Method |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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Future Technology Development |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
| Appendix A Flame Arrester Specification Sheet for Manufacturer Quotation |
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185 | (2) |
| Appendix B List of Flame Arrester Manufacturers |
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187 | (4) |
| Appendix C UL and FM Listings and Approvals |
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191 | (2) |
| Appendix D Suggested Additional Reading |
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193 | (4) |
| Glossary |
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197 | (12) |
| Index |
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209 | |
Other versions by this Author